The Government”s Taking of Private Property

The Constitution of the United States is based primarily on the ideas of the 17th Century English philosopher John Locke. Locke thought that everyone had natural rights, which included life, liberty, and property. Locke stated â€Å"the great and chief end, therefore, of men†s uniting into commonwealths, and putting themselves under government, is the preservation of property† (Locke/ McClaughry 3). He thought that if any of these rights were violated that the violator should make restitution. The Takings Clause in the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution states â€Å"Nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. When the government needs a citizen†s private property to build roads or buildings, they compensate the person with money roughly equal to the value of that person†s land. The problem of the government taking or restricting a citizen†s land arises with regulation of private property. John McClaughry defines regulatory taking â€Å"as a governmental confiscation or destruction of economic rights by regulation, without the physical occupation which would trigger just compensation to the owner† (McClaughry 7). The case of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council is an example of regulatory taking. In the case of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, Lucas bought two adjacent lots on the coast of the Isle of Palms in South Carolina, only to have the land restricted by the state, which prevented his intended use of the lots. Lucas argued that the state†s restriction of the land constituted taking without just compensation. The South Carolina Court of Common Pleas agreed with Lucas and awarded him $1,232,387. 50. The Supreme Court of South Carolina disagreed with the lower court, and saying that the restrictions were designed to prevent serious public harm so no compensation was necessary, even if it did affect the property†s value. Lucas appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States. The Supreme Court of the United States decided on Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council in June of 1992. This was four years after the Beachfront Management Act, which prohibited construction on Lucas† lots, was enacted in 1988. An amendment was made to the Act in 1990 that would allow construction in special situations. Lucas could possibly appeal to the Council and receive a permit to build on his lots at the time of the Supreme Court hearings. Lucas argued that the deprivation of use of his land from 1988-1990 amounted to a taking. The Supreme Court decided to grant certiorari. According to Locke, the government†s purpose is to protect and enforce people†s natural rights. One of the natural rights, according to Locke, is life. The coastal area of the Isle of Palms that Lucas† lots were on has been plagued with floods. Justice Blackmun stated that the land was â€Å"under water† from 1957 until 1963. In addition, between 1981 and 1983, â€Å"the Isle of Palms issued twelve emergency orders for sandbagging to protect property† (Blackmun 2). The state of South Carolina saw Lucas† property as unsafe. â€Å"Long ago it was recognized that all property in this country is held under the implied obligation that the owner†s use of it shall not be injurious to the community, and the Takings Clause did not transform that principle to one that requires compensations whenever the State asserts its power to enforce it† (Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass. 491-492). The state†s prevention of building on the site in question would not only foreseeably save the beach from erosion,! insurance and federal aid money, but possibly lives. The Supreme Court ruled in this case that when all value has been taken from property that the owner must receive compensation for it. The question still stands as to whether the state caused the land to become valueless by restricting the building upon it. Justice Blackmun argued, â€Å"†¦ yet the trial court, apparently believing that ‘less value† and ‘valueless† could be used interchangeably, found the property ‘valueless†Ã¢â‚¬  (Blackmun 5). He goes on to propose that the land still held value because Lucas could enjoy it in other ways, such as camping, swimming, picnicking, or placing a mobile home on it. The value of the property often lies in the eye of the beholder. In Colorado, a piece of legislation is being proposed that might become a model for other states where property rights are concerned. The Private Property Protection Act would allow â€Å"a landowner to seek compensation when a regulation takes away more than fifty percent of the land†s value† (McClaughry 4). This act hopes † to establish a standard for the most serious regulatory takings and to afford a method of relief for a landowner whose rights have been taken† according to McClaughry (McClaughry 8). In 1997, Senator Hatch (R-UT) introduced a piece of legislation called the Citizen†s Access to Justice Act. This Act would â€Å"reduce delay and expense of litigation by clearly defining when a property owner†s claim is ripe† for adjudication (Annett 2). This piece of legislation would help speed the process that is so costly for property owners. The Private Property Rights Implementation Act was passed in October of 1997. This Act helps owners pass their first hurdle by allowing them to have the merits of their case heard in federal court. The Tucker Act Shuffle Relief Act, also passed in October of 1997, helps citizens pass the second hurdle by â€Å"resolving the jurisdictional question for federal courts† (Annett 3). Even though the Supreme Court†s ruling in Lucas looked promising for property rights advocates, it turned out not to be such a big win after all. Justice Scalia limited the application of the ruling to total takings, excluding partial takings. The distinction between total and partial takings â€Å"is arbitrary and inconsistent with the purposes of the Takings Clause† (Butler 3). It is possible that one landowner could lose more money on a piece of property that is only partially taken and not receive compensation for it, when another landowner could be compensated for a piece of land that is not wholly worth as much as the other owner†s partial piece. The Supreme Court†s partial versus total taking has made a big impact upon lower court judges however. The lower courts are using the decision as a standard by which to judge regulatory property rights cases across the board. Many defendants are attempting to use the ruling, to fight prohibited construction on their land, where it is not applicable. Defendants â€Å"cannot claim their land is valueless simply because they might have developed it in the future† (Butler 5). The other relevant part of the Lucas decision is that â€Å"if the activity was previously permitted under relevant property and nuisance principles, then the prohibition of the activity would be a total regulatory taking that must be compensated† (Butler 6). Justice Blackmun ponders whether the government is going to be able to continue if it must weigh the possibility of compensation when making laws outlawing serious dangers to society. However, if all economically beneficial uses are not destroyed by the regulation, then it does not matter whether or not the activity was previously permitted. Another case of regulatory property taking that is still on the state level is the expansion of the Minneapolis-St. Paul Regional Airport. With the expansion of the airport, increased air traffic would be flying over the nearby Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge. In compensation for the affects on the habitat, â€Å"†¦ the Fish and Wildlife Service is going to be paid over $20 million† (Young 1). However, the money is going to come from fees and charges placed on people using the airport. When someone from the private sector causes detriment to federal lands they must compensate the government for the lost lands. The end of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council remains to be told. The South Carolina Supreme Court ordered the state of South Carolina to purchase the two lots in question from David Lucas. The state then put the two lots on the market as residential sites. Perhaps the â€Å"courts should look beyond the public-interest rhetoric and examine the validity of the alleged public purpose† (Butler 7). This is the other side of regulatory takings. If the states are required to pay property owners millions of dollars for the land in question, are they going to be able to uphold the Acts and legislation that got them there? Locke†s natural rights seem to conflict over the regulatory taking of private property. The natural right to life appears to have precedent over the natural right to property according to the government†s actions in dealing with regulatory takings. The government says that the taking of the land is in the best interest of society, but rights of the individu! al are being overlooked. When the taking is free to the government, it appears to be a good plan of action for them. When the government must pay for their land, they weigh the pros and cons of their decisions a little more heavily. The Lucas case is full of precedents, good and bad, for both sides of the issue of regulatory takings.

Child Education In India Education Essay

Education has continued to germinate, diversify and widen its range and coverage since the morning of human history. Every state develops its system of instruction to show and advance its alone socio-cultural individuality and besides to run into the challenges of the times. There are minutes in history when a new way has to be given to an antique procedure. That minute is today. The state has reached a phase in its economic and proficient development when a major attempt must be made to deduce the maximal benefit from the assets already created and to guarantee that the fruits of alteration reach all subdivisions. Education is the main road to that end. Issues Prevelance of Child labor: All non-school traveling kids are child workers in one signifier or the other. Agricultural kid labor constitutes the nucleus of the job. Child labour policies and instruction policies have to be formulated and operated in tandem. Parents do desire to direct their kids to be educated and poorness as a confining factor is extremely over-rated. Motivation and handiness of substructure instead than poorness are the cardinal factors. The paper underlines the strengths of formal instruction in eliminating child labor and forcefully argues for a statute law to supply for compulsory education.A The chief statement against child labor and mandatory instruction is that it is necessary for the well-being of the hapless as the province is unable to supply alleviation. The 2nd statement, is that instruction would do the hapless ill-sorted for the sort of manual work that is required to be done. The 3rd statement is that certain industries would be forced to shut down if they did non hold the installation of the low pay kid labor. The last statement against censoring child labor and implementing mandatory instruction is that the State should non be allowed to interfere in the parents ‘ rights who know what is best for their kids and households. Lack of Coverage: Despite the regular enlargement of the ICDS, the coverage of kids for ECCE is still every bit low as 20 per centum. This is an issue of both unequal entree and unequal quality of service bringing. With ICDS go oning to be the chief vehicle for ECCE, the GOI is suggesting to spread out the service further and universalise it within the following few old ages. While this is a welcome proposal, the hazard is of spread outing excessively fast and compromising on quality. Girl Child Education: The Indian authorities has expressed a strong committedness towards instruction for all ; nevertheless, India still has one of the lowest female literacy rates in Asia. In 1991, less than 40 per centum of the 330 million adult females aged 7 and over were literate, which means today there are over 200 million illiterate adult females in India. Laws Associating to Child Education in IndiaConstitutional place of instruction in IndiaWhile sing the assorted facets of instruction with respect to province duty, judicial readings, given to this duty by assorted legal experts are the primary beginning of larning. In the good old times, instruction was basically an act of charity or philanthropic gift. Then, it was thought of as an ‘occupation ‘ . Judicial pronouncement went so far as to see it as an ‘industry ‘ . Whether or non to comprehend instruction as a cardinal right or non has been debated for a long clip. The constitution and the disposal of an educational establishment for the conveyance of cognition to pupils is an business, protected by Article 19 ( 1 ) ( g ) and to boot by Article 26 ( a ) , if there is no component of net income coevals. Imparting instruction has come to be a agency of support for some professionals. It is considered as a mission in life for some philanthropists. â€Å" Education † was a State Subject in position of the undermentioned Entry 11, placed in List II State List: – â€Å" 11. Education including universities, capable to the commissariats of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I and entry 25 of List III. † By the Constitution ( 42nd Amendment ) Act 1976, the above-said Entry was directed to be deleted and alternatively Entry 25 in List III Concurrent List, was directed to be appropriately amended so as to read as under: – â€Å" 25. Education, including proficient instruction, medical instruction and universities, capable to the commissariats of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I ; vocational and proficient preparation of labor † The Constitution of India has laid a directive before the province to do a proviso of free and mandatory instruction for kids below the age of 14 old ages. 45. Provision for free and mandatory instruction for kids: The State shall endeavour to supply, within a period of 10 old ages from the beginning of this Constitution, for free and mandatory instruction for all kids until they complete the age of 14 old ages. However, the authorities has non been successful in supplying equal installations of instruction for the under privileged kids, located in the rural countries. The Supreme Court in the instance Unnikrishnan vs. State of Andhra Pradesh ( 1993 ) ruled that the right to instruction is a cardinal right that flows from the right to life in Article 21 of the Constitution. Following this opinion, the 86th Constitution Amendment Act, 2002 added Article 21A, saying, â€Å" The State shall supply free and mandatory instruction to all kids of the age of six to fourteen old ages in such mode as the State may, by jurisprudence, determine. † The 86th Amendment besides modified Article 45, which now reads â€Å" The State shall endeavour to supply early childhood attention and instruction for all kids until they complete the age of 6 old ages. † The province late enacted the Right to Education Act, seeking to consequence the 86th Constitutional amendmentJudiciary and EducationIn the judgement of Unnikrishnan, a Constitution Bench of this Court framed a strategy that governs admittances to professional colleges. The chief aim was to guarantee that virtue prevails in the affair of admittances, both in regard of what were called â€Å" free seats † every bit good as in regard of â€Å" payment seats. † This judgement was rendered on February 4, 1993. The strategy was to be effectual from the Academic Year 1993-94 onwards. Review Petitions were filed by several establishments against the said judgement. They were dismissed by the Constitution Bench. The judgement of P.A. Inamdar and others vs. State of Maharashtra was a landmark in the field of educational jurisprudence. Law studies are full with opinions related to the instruction in its several facets. Until the T.M.A Pai Foundation instance, there were four oft- quoted prima instances refering the field of instruction, viz. , ( I ) Unni Krishnan v. State of Andhra Pradesh ( 1993 ) 1 SCC 645 ( two ) St. Stephen ‘s College v. University of Delhi ( 1992 ) 1 SCC 558 ( three ) Ahmedabad St. Xavier ‘s College Society v. State of Gujarat ( 1974 ) 1 SCC 717 and ( four ) Rhenium: Kerala Education Bill, 1957, ( 1958 ) SCR 995.Right to Education ActThe Right to Education Act seeks to give consequence to the 86th Amendment of the Constitution of India. Outstanding commissariats: The State shall guarantee a school in every vicinity Every school shall conform to certain minimal criterions, defined in the Bill Government schools shall supply free instruction to all admitted kids Private schools shall acknowledge at least 25 % of kids from weaker subdivisions ; no fee shall be charged to these kids Screening trials at the clip of admittance and capitation fees are prohibited for all kids Government schools will be managed by School Management The National Commission for Elementary Education shall be constituted to supervise all facets of simple instruction including quality.The Right to Education Act prescribes the Rights of Every Child as follows:Every kid between the age of 6 and 14 old ages has the right to full-time free and mandatory instruction in a neighbourhood school. Non-enrolled kids, of age group 7-9 old ages, have the right to be admitted in an age-appropriate class within one twelvemonth of the beginning of the Act, and kids, of age group 9-14 old ages, have the right to be provided particular programmes that will enable them to go to such class within three old ages. Children with terrible or profound disablement, who are unable to go to a neighbourhood school, have the right to be provided instruction in an appropriate environment. A kid can non be held back in any class or expelled from a school boulder clay Class VIII. Any ejection requires an order of the School Management Committee ( SMC ) , which will be given merely after all other disciplinary steps have been exhausted, and parents/guardians have been heard. The local authorization will take stairss to inscribe such a kid in another neighbourhood school.The Act besides prescribes the duty of the State as follows:The State shall guarantee handiness of a neighbourhood school for every kid within three old ages. In instance of non-availability, free conveyance or free residential installations shall be provided. The state/UT authorities shall find every twelvemonth the demand of schools, installations, and their locations ; set up extra schools as required ; deploy instructors and create installations for their preparation. The State shall develop a mechanism to supervise registration, engagement and attainment position of every kid, and take disciplinary stairss wheresoever required. Information in this respect will be made available in the public sphere, including on an online footing. School Admissions No school can carry on any screening process of any kid or parents at the clip of admittance. Children will be selected for admittance in a random mode. Capitation fees are prohibited.Commissariats refering School Management:All non-government schools have to be recognized by a Competent Authority or they must close down. The Act specifies certain norms ( such as teacher-student ratio, physical substructure etc. ) to be fulfilled by all schools as a pre-requisite for being recognized. All State and aided schools are required to organize School Management Committees ( SMCs ) with at least 75 % of the members being parents/guardians, and the other members stand foring instructors, the community and the local authorization. SMCs will pull off the school, including the countenance of leaveCommissariats sing Content and ProcessSchools and academic governments explicating course of study shall conform to the values enshrined in the Constitution. Schools should run in a child- friendly and child- centred mode. No kid shall be required to look at a public scrutiny before finishing Grade VIII. Policies and SchemesOutstanding Policies in the Context of Provision of Early Childhood Care and Education ( ECCE ) in IndiaNational Nutrition Policy ( 1993 ) which recognized kids below six old ages as bad groups to be given high precedence. National Policy on Empowerment of Women ( 2001 ) , supported proviso of child care installations, including creches at work topographic points. India besides ratified Convention on Rights of the Child in 1992 and reaffirmed its committedness to kids, which resulted in preparation of policy model to fix a National Charter for Children. National Commission for Children has besides been set up. The Commission as visualized would protect/safeguard the rights of kids with a strong legal base. National Plan of Action for Children ( 2005 ) included universalisation of ECCE as one of the ends. It specified attention, protection and development chances for kids below 3 old ages and integrated attention and development and pre-school acquisition chances for 3-6 twelvemonth olds. National Curriculum Framework ( 2005f emphasized two old ages of pre-schooling and considered ECCE as important for holistic development of the kid, as a readying for schooling and as a support service for adult females and misss. It advocated play-based developmentally appropriate course of studyIntegrated Child Development Services ( ICDS )India has the differentiation of holding conceptualized and floated possibly the universe ‘s largest plan for kids, modeled on the definition which says that working with kids means a more holistic position one of its constituents is child instruction, every bit early as in 1975. Known as the Integrated Child Development Services ( ICDS ) , this plan targets kids, pregnant and breastfeeding female parents and adolescent misss from a lifecycle perspective Non-formal preschool instruction has been one of its nucleus constituents.Other Policies and Schemesaˆ? National Policy on Education, 1968 aˆ? National Policy on Education, 1986 aˆ? National Policy on Education, 1986 ( As modified in 1992 ) aˆ? National Common Minimum Programme of the UPA Government, announced in May, 2004 Infusions associating to Education aˆ? National Curriculum Framework, 2005 aˆ? National Commission for Protection of Child Rights aˆ? Jawahar Bala Arogya Raksha aˆ? Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan ( RMSA ) aˆ? Incentives to Girls for Secondary Education aˆ? Information and Communication Technology in Schools ( ICT @ Schools ) aˆ? Primary Education – Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan SuggestionsDecentralized and holistic planning for kids:Given India ‘s diverseness and scale the planning procedure and designing of intercessions for kids have to be contextualized. This can merely be possible through a decentralized and participatory attack to planning and execution. The Education sector already has experience of this attack to some extent and the plans /services for younger kids would necessitate to larn from this experience and make out to kids in a more targeted and local specific manner.Precedence to and Ownership of ECCE:Very late, the entire duty of ECCE has been shifted from Department of Education within the Ministry of Human Resource Development to a freshly created Ministry of Women and Child Development. Though, it is excessively early to notice upon the deductions of this determination, nevertheless, it is likely to bring forth a batch of treatment and argument about the issue of ownership and its logistic location with the instruction sector.Pres cription V. Practice:While, a favorable policy model and appropriate curricular counsel is available in the state for ECCE ; the world is that there is a big spread between what is prescribed or suggested and what is practiced. In a survey conducted by the NCERT ( 1998 ) it was found that about all the ICDS centres observed adhered to learning of 3 R ‘s ( reading, composing and arithmetic ) and there was a practical absence of any drama activities. Typically, the activities of preschool instruction under ICDS are conducted for a period runing from 45 proceedingss to two hours duration daily, with minimum drama and larning material support and that excessively, mostly in the absence of sufficient outdoor and indoor infinites, basic substructure installations and competent workers. Preschool instruction in private/ public baby's room schools, once more, is mostly a downward extension of primary instruction course of study, with instructors frequently holding no ECCE preparation. Training Inputs and Institutional Support:Effective readying of teachers/service suppliers for ECCE is another issue, which is expected to find quality. Matching to the scope of ECCE plans and enterprises in India there is a assortment of developing commissariats in ECCE, every bit good. These scope from the two twelvemonth integrated Nursery Teachers ‘ preparation plan ( NTT ) which aims at fixing instructors for preschool phase ( 3-6 old ages ) and for the first two classs ( 6-8 old ages ) of the primary phase, In add-on, the course of study of higher/ senior secondary phase of instruction ( +2 ) in Central Board of Secondary Education, National Institute of Open Schooling and many State Education Boardss have besides included early childhood instruction as an country of vocational instruction.Public Spending on Childs:For the really first clip, in the twelvemonth ( 2004-05 ) , the Ministry of Women and Child Development ( MWCD ) in Government of India undertook a ‘chi ld budgeting ‘ exercising to look at commissariats and outgos for kids more holistically. This portends good for a more comprehensive attack towards planning and budgeting for kids in the hereafter. The public financess allocated to kids are classified under four caputs in the kid budgeting exercising: ICDS & A ; Nutrition, Education, Health and Child Protection and others. As per the Fundamental law of India, kid related commissariats are in the coincident list of duties with the States holding a outstanding function in service bringing. However, most of the provinces passing are on perennial points of outgos, it is the financess which are made available through the Centrally Sponsored Schemes that provide for reform and quality betterment. Overall, there has been an addition in outgo on kids as a per centum of GNP from 2.66 % in 1993-94 to 3.26 % in 2001-02 ( DWCD, Annual Report, 2004-05 ) . As indicated in Figure 13 below, in footings of comparative parts, both the cardinal and State parts show steady additions over clip, particularly since 1997-98, with the provinces ‘ part being significantly more dominant. Still the overall public outgo is far less than it should be.

Predicting Spanish Nouns From Verbs

In English, it is very common for the same word to be used as both noun and verb. For example, the verb trust can also be a noun, as can the verb help. But, except with infinitives, the relationship between verb and noun isnt as straightforward. The noun form for help is ayuda, which is very close to the verb, ayudar. The same is true of trabajo (job or work as a noun) and trabajar (verb). But in the case of trust, the forms are confiar (verb) and confianza (noun). About the best that can be said is that its extremely common for nouns and verbs to share the same stem. Sometimes, as in the examples of trabajo and ayuda, the noun is made up basically of the stem with an ending that marks it as a noun (its probably just coincidence that trabajo and ayuda also have the form of a conjugated verb), while in other cases the stem is followed by a suffix, as in the case of confianza. (-Anza is a not-so-common noun suffix; the related verb is confiar means to trust.) In other words, the nouns related to verbs seem arbitrary. Here are just a few examples of some noun forms of common verbs: cantar (to sing) - el canto (song, the act of singing)decir (to say) - el dicho (saying)estar (to be) - el estado (state of being)hablar (to speak) - el habla (speech)perder (to lose) - la pà ©rdida (loss)preferir (to prefer) - la preferencia (preference)sentir (to feel) - el sentimiento (feeling)tener (to have) - la tenencia (possession)ver (to look) - la vista (vision, view) Good luck finding much of a pattern there! (In most cases, there are also other noun forms not listed above.) Clearly, there are some nouns that are derived from past participles, but its still unpredictable whether the participle will be modified (as in pà ©rdida) or which gender it will be. Keep in mind also that many Spanish infinitives can function as nouns, and some of them quite commonly so. For example, the verb poder (to be able) can be used as a noun to mean power, and saber (to know) can be used as a noun to mean knowledge. As you continue to use the language, youll learn the nouns on their own and youll no longer have to predict what they might be. Also, if you come across an unfamiliar noun (or verb), you may be able to guess its meaning if you know the related word.

Civil Disobedience as a Movement - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1109 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/05/16 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Civil Disobedience Essay Did you like this example? During the years the most important events in the world, have started by someone who raised their voice on an injustice, a conflict, a disagreement. This referring to changes and improvements for a society, protests are all over the history and until now the still being an important cause of change, even for good or bad. But there are many opinions if either is a good behavior or not, if it follows the laws or break them. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Civil Disobedience as a Movement" essay for you Create order Society involves different groups and cultures, from here is that the disagreements start, because communities have different opinions and want to be heard, if it were not for those who claim their rights, there would be no egalitarian justice. Protests not only raise awareness, but it also raise rejection for those who interpret it as a criminal conduct and an infraction of law; and to be honest there will always be a thin line between crime and civil disobedience. Protests shouldnt be qualified as crimes, they are an important step to changes and rights, if they are made with reciprocity nobody can deny the right of a group or person to raise their voice, society went trough so many improvements for people because of this kind of civil disobediences and there are many factors to judged this movements as civil disobedience. In a society exists different groups and cultures, ruled by a hegemony class and constituting of subculture and counterculture, therefore subordinated groups need to be represented and not be an indifferent part of society. Hegemony is the ruling class in a society, which maintains effective control over some subject group, the models of society imposed by a ruling elite, named the upper class. The influence generated in other social groups comes from the hegemony class, through this hegemony is added a trace of power, influence and hierarchy; hegemony is the sociocultural political articulation mode that imposes, reaffirms and recreates the dominant power in economy, politics and culture. Culture being the general group identity, also involves sub-cultures being a part of the larger culture, is a sub-division that results from the combination of factors such as social class, ethnic, beliefs, practices, and values. Sub-cultures are an important influence around the hegemony, domination and resistance: the search of disagreement with hegemonic ideas, attitudes and values that distance itself from the dominant and parental culture. In relation with this the counterculture is a subculture that represent the evolution of expressions cultural alternatives to a system, it establishes limits to the hegemonic, formulate questions, generates a movement from the smaller groups against the most influential groups in a society.The best system of government is known as Democracy, in which management and ownership resides in the power of the total society as whole, but the relationship between democracy and culture is controversial and thorny issue. Politician and their parties use the cultures to gain their votes, but beyond the good intentions that everyone announces, we discover politicians have the intentions to manipulate cultural spaces and to use its people. Subcultures and countercultures of a society arent the majority rule, even democracy is the voice of the people, some groups and people are more influential and have the power to decide, this because people choose their representatives and that is sometimes the main problem. Smaller groups dont have much power in democracy, pure democracy care for majority, and not for subordinated groups, devoting very little attention to political subcultures and its development, which is an indicator of the existing levels of freedom. To judge a conduct from a subordinated group is essential to know the reason and the meaning it has for them, what it may be right for one group can be completely rejected for the members of another, and vice versa. This is better explained in Rachels critique of cultural relativism, to call something right or wrong would imply being able to judge such a custom from an independent point of view to personal opinion. Rachel doesnt agree with universal critique, he talk s about a case of the different cultures with different moral codes, King Darius of Persia confronted two peoples, Greeks and Calatinos, with each others funeral habits. Greeks were disgusted with the funeral practice of the Catalans, of eating the dead. Calatinos disliked the habit of burning them on the funeral pyre, as the Greeks did. Confronting them, Dario seems to have given them a lesson in tolerance. Now in the contemporary world, there are still differences between cultures and is difficult to present objective reasons to say that one particular behavior is better or worse than other; there are no universal moral truths. Using Rachels critique is possible to judge protest actions in order to accept them as a good argument and respect the right to present their reasons in relation to their context.Protests were made to generate attention, for this they are made in public spaces, not matter where, the space and people must be respected and be done in a way that doesnt affect others. If is a justifiable illegality or not, is judged from the reciprocity presented, to raise awareness manifestations are expressed, then, in all the artistic tendencies, social, philosophical and scientific. All this understood at a specific time and circumstances, within the social, economic, political and cultural coordinates of th eir time; context without which social phenomena would not take place (or took on completely different forms). Inconvenience will always appear in protests, for those who disagree with the reason or just the methods employed, some ways of protests can be uncomfortable for society, but interventions can mean the end of something genuine and the beginning of a movement that responds to the demands of a particular class, never attempting against someone or something and stay in the range of justifiable infraction. In conclusion for all this reasons and examples to justify civil disobedience as an act to be heard and considerate in a society. Classifying the socio-cultural phenomenon of the protests, the one that has been banalized so many times and that has scarcely been analyzed from a criminalistic point of view. Once the existence of the subculture is admitted as a phenomenon loaded with values different from those of the dominant or central culture, our duty is to identify them, classify them and analyze how they differ from those of the dominant culture, in order to determine if these values †¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¹are or are not, tolerated differences that do not represent a social threat. For without the establishment of democracy and its air of freedom, as well as its apparent security, experiential expressions such as those promoted by the subcultures would hardly have taken place.

Why There is no Model Family Essay - 1291 Words

â€Å"Family Aint Shit†: Why There is no Model Family A picture that pops into mind when one thinks of the term â€Å"family†: Mother prepares dinner, Father comes home from a hard day’s work, and the children walk into the house from school. The group sits at the dinner table and discusses the day’s activities with a genuine smile on their faces. Everything for this family is perfect. This example is just a traditional family portrait and is far from the reality of many modern families. It is so far from reality that the entire definition of â€Å"family† can be skewed into whatever subjective opinion one wants. Cold-blooded, homicidal menaces to society can create a â€Å"family† by forming a gang which may have more inner peace than a dysfunctional†¦show more content†¦Despite this, he manages to maintain a somewhat normal level of equilibrium so that his life is balanced out (most of the time). When he starts to struggle with hi s life, Tony settles for a break by going into therapy sessions where he explores why he has issues with his family; nevertheless, he can never seem to discover a cure for his problems (â€Å"The Happy Wanderer†). Through thick and thin, Tony Soprano is stuck with both families and there is no way (sans death) he can escape them. The Sopranos’ main point about family is that family does not necessarily have to be formed by a blood relation (as seen by referring to the mob as a â€Å"crime family†) and that you are stuck with what family you are a part of. The Sopranos forms a definition of family is almost identical to my own (the exception being its claim that you are stuck with your family) and supports it fully. It allows for more than just people with blood relations to be considered one’s family members. It shows that there can be a complete opposite definition of the traditional blood family by its use of the crime family; whose members do not have a blood relation to Tony Soprano. Gangs can act as a family to their members by providing support. Rob White points out, â€Å"Much of the conventional youth gang literature describes gangs as a sort of family for members. 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Challenges of Talent Management-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: What Difficulties might an Organization face when it attempts to make changes to its talent Management Function? Answer: Introduction There is no exact definition of talent management and it has been defined by various critics in different ways. However, usually talent management is said to be the anticipation of the human capital, required by an organization, and the planning to meet its needs. Talent management is also known as a science, using strategic human resource planning in order to improve or uplift the value of a business and to enable the companies and organizations to reach their desired business goals (Dries, 2013). Every activity that is done for recruiting, retaining, developing, rewarding and for making the people in the organization work, forms a part of talent management as well as the strategic workforce planning. Discussion Challenges of talent management An organization faces various challenges in talent management when an organization loses sight of the functions of talent management (Nilsson Ellstrm, 2012). These are strategic and intentional in how to train, select, attract, develop, retain, promote and move employees throughout the organization. Some of the challenges are:- High total compensation demands Tightening of talent market Increasing employee turnover Lack of efficient leadership Unappealing company culture Lack of benefits, incentives and other facilities Difficulties an organization faces for changing its talent management functions To solve the issues or face the challenges regarding talent management, an organization needs to change its talent management functions accordingly, focusing on the abovementioned factors. With changes in the talent management functions, the organizations can face various other issues. The main issue is the acceptance of the changes by the employees, based on certain factors, in implementing such changes (Vaiman, Scullion Collings, 2012). Some of the important factors are:- Control- The amount of control an employee has in any situation, determines the amount of change, challenge and uncertainty they can handle. Current Stress level- Every work has a certain level of stress level. The acceptance of talent manage changes by the employees depends on the increase or decrease of the stress level of work, after such changes are made. Understanding- The acceptance of employees also depends on how well the employees understand the reasons behind such changes. Time frame- Acceptance of changes also depends on the time frame within which changes are implemented. There must be sufficient time provided to employees in order to adapt to the new management changes. Otherwise difficulties arise in implementation of such changes. Meaning- Acceptance depends on how well the employees understand that what the change means in terms of their leaders, themselves and their leaders attitude towards the employees. Self- efficacy- Another important factor on which the acceptance of the change by employees depends is their perception on how well is his or her skill in meeting the new requirements and challenges. These are the few factors on which the acceptance of the employees regarding change in talent management function depends and in cases, where these factors are negatively affected, difficulties arise for organizations in implementing the changes in talent management functions. For example, when a company makes a change in the existing work requirements by increasing it, such change will affect the talent management of the company positively, only when the employee is of the opinion that he or she has the skill and efficiency to meet the increased requirements. Similarly, when a company makes a change in the working methods for effective talent management, such change becomes a successful one only when the employees understand the necessity of such change. Hence, in order to make talent management functions effective, an organization needs to focus on the abovementioned functions while making changes in the existing talent management functions. Implications such change might have in managing and the talent management function Any change in the management functions of an organization will definitely need a change in the measuring and managing processes of talent management. Changes in the talent management functions will lead to the measurement of certain core standards for assessing modern day talent management program with the core HR areas. The changes in talent management functions like change in working methods, internal promotions, workload, leadership functions and all other talent management related functions will require the organizations to take up certain quantitative and qualitative methods for measuring and managing the talent management. Quantitative methods will include searching and analyzing of three aspects (Nijs, 2014). Firstly, the cost of hiring talent, time to hire talent and the productivity of full time employees are to me measured. Secondly, the financial aspect that includes the revenue of employees, voluntary and involuntary employee loss rates on revenue, number of senior positi ons and the depth of bench strength are to be analyzed and measured. Thirdly, the retention ability of the organization after making changes should be analyzed, which includes average talent rates, average time span of new hires, internal promotions, turnover rates and workforce diversity. These all are quantitative methods and a change in the talent management function of an organization will require the organization to analyze the abovementioned aspects in order to measure and manage the talent management. Apart from the quantitative methods, the change will require an organization to take up qualitative measures as well for analyzing and measuring the same, which includes overall manager, manager and executive satisfaction, employee management scores by department and manager and exit interviews (Al Ariss, Cascio Paauwe, 2014). In order to measure and manage the talent management after making changes in the talent management functions, an organization needs to take up such quali tative and quantitative methods for analyzing the impact of such changes. Events that can cause someone to leave an organization without another job Based on the above mentioned difficulties that an organization can face due to changes in the talent management functions, certain events might occur, making an employee leave the organization without another job. Some of them are:- Relationship with boss- This is one of the most common reasons for an employee to leave his current job without another job. For the smooth functioning of a business, the relationship between the boss and the employee must not be a bitter one (Hippel, Kalokerinos Henry, 2013). The employee works under the instructions of the boss and when such relationship becomes bitter, it is likely for an employee to leave the organization, as such bitter relationship might lead to harassment of the employee. Bored and unchallenged by the work itself- No one wants to do a work that is boring, not challenging and not exciting to do. The employees want to enjoy their jobs. For this purpose the proper talent management is required so that work is distributed among the employees, based on their talents, efficiency and capability (Birur Muthiah, 2013). Often due to improper talent management, employees are not assigned with suitable work and this is another reason why employees tend to leave their jobs. Opportunities to use skills and abilities- Similarly, when work is not assigned properly, based on the skills and abilities of the employees, it becomes difficult for the employees perform. When employees use their significant skills on the job, they feel a sense of satisfaction, pride and accomplishment and self-confidence. Employees look to develop their skills and abilities further by participating in various activities. In the absence of such opportunities, employees tend to leave their jobs. Organizations financial stability- Financial instability of an organization is another reason for employees, leaving a job. Lack of sales, freezing of salary, layoffs. Bad press, employee turnover are the few factors that lead to the feeling of instability and lack of trust in the employees (Mohr, Young Burgess 2012). These factors, leading to the feeling of instability and distrust, can make an employee leave the job. Overall corporate culture- Employees appreciate workplaces in which communication is effective and transparent, management is accessible, executives are approachable and respected, and the direction is clear and understood (Amah, 2012). Moreover, an organization that aims at employee satisfaction, benefits, perks and treatment of employees with respect are said to have a better corporate culture. Employees, working in organizations that lack these qualities, often leave their jobs. Conclusion The above discussion makes it clear that talent management is a significant part of an organization and without effective talent management functions it becomes difficult for the organizations to retain its employees, which harms the smooth functioning of the organization. This report also states that organizations should, from time to time evaluate and change its talent management functions and take up qualitative and quantitative methods to measure and manage its talent management. Therefore, for the smooth functioning of business References Al Ariss, A., Cascio, W. F., Paauwe, J. (2014). Talent management: Current theories and future research directions.Journal of World Business,49(2), 173-179. Amah, E. (2012). Corporate Culture and Organizational Effectiveness. A Study of the Nigerian Banking Industry.European Journal of Business and Management,4(8), 212-229. Birur, S., Muthiah, K. (2013). Turnover intentions among repatriated employees in an emerging economy: the Indian experience.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,24(19), 3667-3680. Dries, N. (2013). The psychology of talent management: A review and research agenda.Human Resource Management Review,23(4), 272-285. Mohr, D. C., Young, G. J., Burgess Jr, J. F. (2012). Employee turnover and operational performance: the moderating effect of group?oriented organisational culture.Human Resource Management Journal,22(2), 216-233. Nijs, S., Gallardo-Gallardo, E., Dries, N., Sels, L. (2014). A multidisciplinary review into the definition, operationalization, and measurement of talent.Journal of World Business,49(2), 180-191. Nilsson, S., Ellstrm, P. E. (2012). Employability and talent management: challenges for HRD practices.European Journal of Training and Development,36(1), 26-45. Vaiman, V., Scullion, H., Collings, D. (2012). Talent management decision making.Management Decision,50(5), 925-941. von Hippel, C., Kalokerinos, E. K., Henry, J. D. (2013). Stereotype threat among older employees: Relationship with job attitudes and turnover intentions.Psychology and Aging,28(1), 17.

Tesco Business Environment Essay Example

Tesco Business Environment Paper Tests Pl is the largest company in Great Britain sales with stores in 14 countries (across Asia, Europe and North America). Tests Pl is a public Limited Company how was made it by Jack Cohen in 1 919 in United Kingdom and in the present has got more than 6,351 stores(national and international) with revenue than EWE. 539 billion and more than 519. 671 employees. (www. Tests. Com) Like a national and international company, Tests is missions to create value or customers and to win their lifestyle loyalty. That is why Tests Pl has a strong aims and objectives: success international retail; a strong communication with people, to build up a good and positive image and good services, to give the people and customers confidentiality; to develop a diversification on food and non-food products; to develop retailing services: Tests Bank, Tests Mobile, Petrol Stations and Tests. Com Task 1 a. Examine the various type of organizational missions and third purpose and compare the missions, goals and the strategic objectives of your chosen organization with a similar organization. The main types of organization on U. K. Are: Sole trader a person who is providing the financial control and the profit of the business; Partnerships a firm where two or more partners making control of the workload, skills, shares, capital, profit and also enjoy limited liability; Companies a business between partnership with limited liability which protecting the company shareholders; Franchises that kind of business who is using the name, the logo to make the profit into the market. We will write a custom essay sample on Tesco Business Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tesco Business Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tesco Business Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Like a national and international company, Tests is mission to create the value for customers and to win their loyalty. Thats why Tests Pl has a strong aims and objectives: success international retail; strong communication with people, to build up a good and positive image and good services, to give the people and customers confidentiality, to develop a diversification on food and non-food products, to develop retailing services: Tests Bank, Tests Mobile, Petrol Stations and Treats. Com. Another company with the similar services is Kingsbury Pl with very easy difference, because Kingsbury is to be the first choice Of food, their objectives is to satisfy the customers needs and their goal is to improve laity products. B. Explain how stakeholders influence organizational missions and goals and discuss how and to what extent your chosen organization (responsibilities) meets stakeholders expectation Tests Pl to achieve theirs aims and objectives, they created a Steering Wheel with stakeholders, strategy of success which include: People, Community, Customers, Finance and Operations. For Tests, success is very important to build up great places to work. To work With pleasure, respect, interest, helps and opportunities, and for all these points they created a motto Treat People How We Like TO Be TO create DOD and nice local jobs, and new branches in different areas, they involved in local community, supporting the local community activities and to have good relationships with neighbors. This point help the company to increase the varieties of products, because they give people thrust, in their honesty and responsibility, give the customers healthy choices. The strong and most import point for Tests are the customers. To attract more customers, to give them confidentiality, thrust and health, they build rules: to have all the time the aisles clear, to have a trip sensation and easy ay to get what they want. Another strategy are the prices, they comparing all the time the United Kingdom economy on report with people objectives, that is way to create a good price. Strong strategies which help them to develop good services are to do not have queued and great staff (like smile, uniform and communication with customers to obtain a feedback). Finance is a chain between stakeholders, if the people touching good services for customers, they will go to have more benefits like bonus, holidays, privileges cards, shares, savings and earns and also to grow sales faster than costs. Operations for Tests mean health and safety of jobs and these are the important and crucial goal. To achieve these things they need to have green audits, all staff need to have a induction and trainings regarding right to work, to make easy jobs, to save time and money and to be on right time and right place, and to care on safe all the operations on front of the customers and teams. Www. Tests. Com) TASK 2 a. Explain the nature of I-J economic system and how it affects business organization such as yours Economy represents the balance between the available resources of the entry (land, capital, entrepreneurship and labor) and the needs Of consumers (produce, goods and services). There are three types of economy: planned economy, market economy and mix ed economy. The U. K is using the mix economy. Mixed economy is a combination between plan and market economy, where government has got the control of the resources and contributes and the market has got the rest of the control. Tests is using the mix economy, because they respected the government intervention to kept the minimum suppliers and to pay for their making decisions and on this way government help Tests became part of manufacturing industry and in his case they provided their own goods, value, services and items using their own brand and also the government decisions e. G. They instructed Tests to not sell Tobacco and alcohol under the age of 18. To produce good services for government Tests used social plan, they developed charities programs, educations, environment of society, e. G. O have a good growth on the business Tests invested on U. K infrastructure and on this mode Tests help government because they created more jobs and the rate of unemployment decreased, also they help own business because they provide a easy way for customer needs and services. (www. Tests. Com) Government plays an important role in economic activity, in order to maintain a steady growth, high level of employment and stability of prices. To do that, government has to adjust spending and tax rates (fiscal policy) or to manage the money supply and control the use of credit (monetary policy). This way it will slow down or speed up the economys rate of grows, affecting the level of prices and employment. [pick] b. How government manages the national economy briefly and analyzes the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business such as your chosen organization Monetary policy is the process between money supply and exchange rates to influence economic growth and inflation. Monetary policy is domain of a nations central bank and their goals are to achieve a high rate of economic growth, to achieve full employment and to stabilize prices and wage. (Encyclopedia Britannica). Monetary policy is independent from government control and is a committee of the Bank of England. Fiscal policy is government influence from macroeconomic conditions and government spending money and funds (taxation, borrowing, consumption, sales, seignior age). In 201 2 fuel price increased and also higher energy prices plus climate exchange equal higher food price and Tests retail fall of 0. 4% in volume terms. This fall was influence from transport prices which increased, from others companies or shops which bankrupt and the unemployment rate increased and the wages and consumers decreased. . Analyses how competition policy and regulatory mechanism work in the UK in relation to your chosen organization Competition is that process between each firms to win customers business. Some firms are rivals on prices, on quality of existing products or services, or there using the entrepreneurial or research skills to develop new products or services. U. K. Has two major competition policy: the Office of Fair Trading and Competition Commission which expanded, developed new areas of expertise and both have been put into the hands of professors of economics. Business Law/second edition/Mean McIntyre) Tests Pl has got a strong powerful retailer and also a strong position like a existing firm, thats way Tests created a barrier for the new entrances and market. The commission policy argued with the local markets because are very concentrated and presented a negative influence for customer. For Tests this decision is favorable because they can have a high profit. Tests increased the barrier on front of the local grocery suppliers and in this case Tests can be investigated from the Office of Fair Trading and Competition Commission. TASK 3 a. Using your chosen company as an example, explain how market structure determines the pricing and production decisions There are different kinds of markets in different economies/sectors/ goods. Accordingly, there are different ski ends of output and pricing decisions which take place. Usually, output and pricing decisions are interdependent except for the case of perfectly competitive markets. In perfectly competitive markets, a single firm is so small compared to the market that it cannot affect the prices. In that case, it must take the price as given, and then decide the quantity to be supplied. Price in this market is equal to the marginal cost of production. In monopoly, however, things are different. The monopolist can change the prices, as it is the sole provider Of the good and thus has the market power. But here also, if the price increases quantity demanded decreases. Therefore, the monopolist must take under consideration both the positive and negative effects of increase in prices. In another market oligopoly, pricing is a bit more complicated and it depends upon the strategic interaction among the firms. Tests situate its self in an oligopoly market. Its core business objective is to satisfy the needs, wants and preferences of the customers. Tests is producing the best quality of product for its consumers; this way is beating the high competition in the market. In the same time, Tests plan is to maintain his first place in top retail store in 1. K and to examine sales and profits. B. Using a range of examples, analyze how market forces influence the organizational response and examine how your organization would respond The interaction between the demand and supply in a market is represented by market forces. The reaction of a company to an economical circumstance represents the organizational response. This reaction is very important because it will affect directly the profits and reputation of a company. The most successful companies are having a deep research on the market in order to be able to supply a product or service to meet the demands of its customers. By doing this research, the company will keep its customers happy due to the fact that they will us apply the product or services in appropriate quantities. Apart from meeting the customers needs, the company will increase their profits by selling as much as they can without over stocking. Without research, the company will not meet the costumers needs, they will not supply with enough products or they will overstock with a product that the customers not want. In both situations the profit and reputation of the company will be affected. The relation between the two is very important in order for a company to succeed. It is also very important to continue monitoring the market forces to ensure that the organization can respond to any changes in market conditions. In retail market, Tests has been very successful in capturing the leadership. This success shows that Tests has design and implemented an efficient supply and deliver system. One of the proofs is the Loyalty cards, which Tests has been the firs company to lunch this program. According to Palmer (2004), until recently Tests has been the only grocer to use the information to email customers every month. C. Discuss the business and cultural environment of your selected organization and asses to what extent it shapes the behavior of the organization Culture of business refers to knowledge, experience, communications, religions, hierarchies of people and also relationship between groups of people. Tests bases is culture team to enjoying work, Tests is not leasing just customer is leasing the staff too. In this way Decos improved rules between staff and everybody to treated with respect, a manger who help you, a interesting job, an opportunity to get on and in this balance they attached: better (to help customers with their shopping), simple (to provide a simple ark for staff and to be efficiently and with less stress) and cheaper (Decos keeping customers loyal and staff happy). Tests to have control of the culture and the competition been teams they involved a new structure of culture Making moments matter which mean the work of the employees in relation with customer services. Move. Tests. Com) TASK 4 a. Discuss how international trade affects the UK business organization and analyses the impact of global factors on I-J business, including your chosen organization I-J is considered a small country and their domestic market is very small. If KICK wants to improve its economy, this will be possible only through international trade. The brands that once were very popular like Phillip s or BAS is not wanted in market and they have been replaced by cheap goods from Japan or China. To have a future UK has to reestablish its brands and recapture its market through international trade. In KICK, like in any other country, businesses are affected by external factors. Those factors are: political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal. A political factor refers to any change that government can do and it will influence cuisines operations. Due to the fact that Tests is operating in a globalizes environment with stores around the globe, its performance is highly influenced by political and legislative conditions of these countries, including the European Union. Tests is one of the companies that have understood what impact has the retail industry on jobs and people and employs large number of students, disable and elderly people, often paying them lower rates. Economical factors involve changes in the global economy. For Tests economic factors are very important because they can influence demand, costs, prices and profits. A high unemployment level is one of the most important factors that could influence the economy. Even if Tests is now operating in other countries and the business overseas are growing, the company is still dependent on the UK market. Social factors represent the cultural aspects of a country which means the population growth rate, age distribution, attitude for a career, health consciousness. In social factors, trends are playing a very important and at the moment the current trend adopted by customers is one-stop shopping, therefore Tests has increased the amount of non-food items available for sale. Demographic changes such as the aging population, an increase in female workers and a decline in home meal preparation mean that UK retailers are also focusing on added-value products and services. In addition, the focus is now towards; the own-label share of the business mix, the supply chain and other operational improvements, which can drive costs out of the business. National retailers are increasingly reticent to take on new suppliers (Clarke, Benison and Guy, 1 994; Denominator Report, 2003). The type of goods and services demanded by consumers are reflected in their life style, attitude and beliefs. They are becoming more aware of healthy issues due to the fact that Tests had to adapt to the increased of the organic products. Technological factors could determine barriers to entry for an organization and also could influence outsourcing decision. In Tests the new technology has offer benefits for both sides; for the customers because the goods are more reliable and shopping is more convenient. (Denominator Report, 2003). Tests is utilizing the following technologies: wireless devices, intelligent scale, electronic shelf labeling, self check-out machine, radio frequency identification. An environmental factor offers to the weather and climate change. Those factors can affect a company that operates in tourism industry, farming industry and insurance industry. According to Grassier and Scott(2004), in 2003 the government has launched a new strategy for sustainable consumption and production to cut waste, reduce consumption of resources and minimize environmental damage. Apart from that, the legislation created a tax on advertising highly processed and fatty foods and is been called fat tax. This tax has affected directly Tests products and they had to adapt them, which cause damage in relationships with customers and suppliers. Legal factors include laws, such as consumer law, discrimination law, employment law and health and safety law. Various government legislations and policies have a direct impact on the performance of Tests. For instance, the Food Retailing Commission (FRR) suggested an enforceable Code of Practice should be set up banning many of the current practices, such as demanding payments from suppliers and changing agreed prices retrospectively or without notice (Minute Report, 2004). B. Assess the role and impact of EX. policies and directives on the UK businesses using your organization as an example The UK government as well as the European Union is influencing the way business operates through the taxation, spending, laws and regulations. In the same time is providing support and advice for organizations. Here are some examples of policies that help governments to influence the organizations activities: employment policy, regional policy, inflation policy, education and training policy, taxation policy and international policy. At European Union level, funds are made available to support regions of high unemployment and social deprivation such as large areas of Southern Italy ND rural France, as well as the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. Regional policy sets out to compensate for the fact that with the development of the more prosperous parts of the European Union, jobs have been lost in other areas. The government can promote trade, encourage sales of British goods abroad (exports), or discourage goods coming in from other countries (imports).